Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, cilt.26, sa.4, ss.1912-1939, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Increasing air traffic underscores the need for advanced ground management strategies. In response, the ‘Stand Hold’ (SH) strategy emerges as an instrumental solution, permitting strategic departure delays at gates before engine start. A key advantage of the SH strategy is its flexibility in sequence deviations. However, while this flexibility boosts efficiency, it may be seen as unfair to airlines. This study introduces a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model intricately aligned with the SH strategy. At its core, the model focuses on detecting and resolving departure conflicts to minimize fuel usage during ground holds. The model’s sophistication comes from specialized algorithms that evaluate queue dynamics and gate occupancy, offering deep insights into complex airport operations. To balance efficiency and fairness, the constrained position shifting (CPS) strategy integrated to the model. The model’s realism is bolstered by other key constraints like precedence, time windows, and separation criteria, making it a closer reflection of real airport operations. When simulated at Antalya Airport, the model substantially outperformed the First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) method, achieving an 88.9% reduction in hold fuel consumption and significant emission decreases of up to 79.2% for HC, 84.6% for CO, and 92% for NOx. Operationally, the SH model lowered total delays by 25.8% compared to FCFS, reduced the number of delayed aircraft, and effectively managed conflicts with a 72.7% reduction at the first conflict point and 57.7% at the second. These results were achieved without major deviations from FCFS due to the CPS strategy. The MIP model with SH strategy also minimized ground conflicts and departure queue lengths without notably increasing gate overlaps, making it a valuable tool for air traffic controllers to enhance airport ground operations efficiency.